重新調整患者體位以防止壓力損傷
- Check bony prominence: Ensure all bony prominences are adequately offloaded by checking that pressure areas receive intended relief. Focus on heels, which are vulnerable even with frequent repositioning.
- Optimal Positioning: According to the 2019 EPUAP/NPIAP/PPPIA Clinical Practice Guideline, use the 30° side-lying position instead of the 90° side-lying position. Encourage individuals who can reposition themselves to sleep in a 20° to 30° side-lying position or flat in bed if not contraindicated.
- Repositioning Frequency: According to the 2019 EPUAP/NPIAP/PPPIA Clinical Practice Guideline, determine repositioning frequency with consideration to the individual’s level of activity and ability to independently reposition. The studies demonstrated that different repositioning frequencies (e.g. two, three or four hourly) are all at least somewhat effective.
Daily Care and Prevention Methods for Pressure Injuries1
- Skin Monitoring: Regularly assess pressure points and existing injuries to track healing.
- Skin Care: Maintain skin hygiene by keeping it clean, hydrated, and protected from moisture with barrier products.
- Repositioning Plan: Ensure individualized repositioning schedules to prevent prolonged pressure on bony areas.
- Pressure Relief Surfaces: Select appropriate support surfaces based on the patient's immobility, weight, and injury risk.
- Nutrition: According to the 2019 EPUAP/NPIAP/PPPIA Clinical Practice Guideline, provide adequate nutrition, including 30-35 kcal/kg/day and 1.25-1.5 g protein/kg/day to support tissue repair for adults with a pressure injury who are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition.
壓力性損傷簡介
壓力損傷是世界各地經常發生的健康問題。它們是一種痛苦、昂貴且通常可預防的併發症,許多人都面臨此類風險。在世界各地,醫療保健環境中的壓力性損傷盛行率為 0% 至 72.5%,不同地理和臨床環境之間存在很大差異。壓力傷害是造成患者及其照護者嚴重疾病負擔並降低其生活品質的原因。
了解壓力性損傷:原因和階段
壓力性損傷是指因長期壓力或壓力和剪切力共同作用而對皮膚和下層組織造成的局部損傷。它們最常見於骨性突起,但也可能由於醫療設備而出現。1
危險因子包括2,3
◎病患因素:活動量、感覺知覺、營養狀況及整體健康狀況。
◎外部因素:壓力、剪切和溫度升高。
◎其他因素:摩擦、濕度、衛生、保持相同姿勢的時間。
根據2019年EPUAP/NPIAP/PPPIA臨床實務指南,壓力損傷的分期如下:1
第 1 階段:皮膚完好,呈現不褪色的紅色。
第 2 階段:皮膚部分厚度損失(淺潰瘍或水泡)。
第 3 階段:皮膚全層脫落,脂肪可見;可能會造成破壞。
第 4 期:全層缺失,骨骼、肌腱或肌肉暴露;通常包括破壞。
無法分期:全層脫落,腐肉/焦痂遮蔽深度。
疑似深層組織損傷:完整皮膚的紫色/栗色區域或充滿血的水泡,表示下層組織受損。
重新調整患者體位以防止壓力性損傷的最佳實踐
壓力損傷是由於持續的組織負荷而發生的。預防措施包括定期重新定位和減輕敏感區域的壓力。1
一般準則:
- 檢查骨性突起:檢查壓力區域是否有預期的緩解,確保所有骨性突起都充分卸載。重點關注腳跟,因為即使頻繁改變位置,腳跟仍然很容易受到傷害。
- 最佳體位:根據2019年EPUAP/NPIAP/PPPIA臨床實務指南,採用30°側臥位,而非90°側臥位。鼓勵可以調整體位的患者以 20° 至 30° 的側臥姿勢入睡,如果沒有禁忌症則平躺在床上。
- 重新定位頻率:根據2019 年 EPUAP/NPIAP/PPPIA 臨床實踐指南,考慮個人的活動水平和獨立重新定位的能力來確定重新定位頻率。研究表明,不同的重新定位頻率(例如每兩週、三小時或四小時)都至少有一定效果。
壓力性損傷的日常護理及預防方法1
- 皮膚監測:定期評估壓力點和現有損傷以追蹤癒合情況。
- 皮膚保養:使用隔離產品保持皮膚清潔、水潤、防潮,保持皮膚衛生。
- 重新定位計畫:確保個人化的重新定位時間表,以防止對骨骼區域長時間施加壓力。
- 壓力釋放表面:根據患者的靜止程度、體重和受傷風險選擇合適的支撐表面。
營養:根據2019年EPUAP/NPIAP/PPPIA臨床實務指南,對營養不良或有營養不良風險的壓力傷成年人提供充足的營養,包括30-35 kcal/kg/天和1.25-1.5 g蛋白質/kg/天,以支持組織修復。
- Repositioning Prioritization and Workflow Optimization: Prioritize pressure injury prevention within the care routine. This might involve rearranging tasks or workflow to ensure that repositioning and pressure relief are consistently addressed.
- Decrease Labor-Intensive Workload: Turn-assisting support surfaces reduce caregivers' workload and labor intensity by up to 20% during a partnered log rolling maneuver.4,5
- Access multiple therapy modes: Care providers can switch between different therapy modes to deliver high-quality and flexible patient care according to the patient's recovery status, without moving the patient to and from different mattresses.
- Access multiple therapy modes: Offers CLP, alternating, and turning therapy modes, tailored to the patient, delivering both comfort and pressure relief functions.
- Consistent turning speed and angle: Slow and consistent turning ensures a smooth and comfortable repositioning experience for the patient.
- Optimal patient safety during turning: Firm air cell side bolsters combined with the bed rails prevent the patient from slipping off the mattress and feeling trapped, uncomfortable, or hurt by the railings during turning.
點我
- European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel and Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance. Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers/Injuries: Clinical Practice Guideline. The International Guideline. Emily Haesler (Ed.). EPUAP/NPIAP/PPPIA: 2019
- Lindgren, M., Unosson, M., Fredrikson, M., & Ek, A. C. (2004). Immobility--a major risk factor for development of pressure ulcers among adult hospitalized patients: a prospective study. Scandinavian journal of caring sciences, 18(1), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0283-9318.2003.00250.x
- National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel. (2019, March 13). Pressure Injury Prevention--Repositioning Frequency. Npiap.com. https://npiap.com/store/viewproduct.aspx?id=14123202
- Skotte, J., & Fallentin, N. (2008). Low back injury risk during repositioning of patients in bed the influence of handling technique, patient weight and disability. Ergonomics, 51(7), 1042–1052. https://doi.org10.108000140130801915253
- Budarick, A. R., Lad, U., & Fischer, S. L. (2020). Can the Use of Turn-Assist Surfaces Reduce the Physical Burden on Caregivers When Performing Patient Turning?. Human factors, 62(1), 77–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819845746